Re-evaluating the precision of yield targets set by MOET app v.2.0

This paper presents the evaluation results of the yield target setting precision of the revised MOET App (v.2.0), following the inclusion of the correction factors generated from rice biomass correlations between MOET and nutrient omission plot setups obtained from 2017 to 2018. The project started with trainings on MOET kit and MOET App use for the seed production personnel across PhilRice stations in Nueva Ecija, Negros, Bukidnon and Agusan in 2018 DS. Included in the trainings were the establishment of MOET kit tests and generation of variety- and site-specific recommendations via the MOET App for several nationally or regionally recommended varieties (NSIC Rc 122, 160, 216, 218, 222, 238, 286, 300, 358, 402, 436, 440, 442, 480, PSB Rc18 and PSB Rc82) that each PhilRice station intended to produce in the succeeding 4 cropping periods from 2019 to 2020. Relative yield advantages and economic benefits from using the MOET App fertilizer recommendations over PhilRice' current fertilizer management in seed production per station were monitored every cropping while the precision evaluation of yield target setting was done after the last cropping of 2020 WS. In 2019, relative yield advantages averaged 0.43t ha-1 in DS and 0.25t ha-1 in WS. In 2020 DS, an average relative yield advantage of 0.63t ha-1 was obtained across stations and 0.93t ha-1 in 2020 WS in Nueva Ecija only due to travel restrictions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic benefits of using the MOET App showed an average of 0.50t ha-1 and 0.65t ha-1 yield increase over the seed production units' fertilizer management in DS and WS, respectively. While savings in fertilizer cost were better realized during the WS at an average of Php 4,126.34 ha-1 season-1 across stations. Results of the precision evaluation of the yield target showed marked improvements with a 95.24% probability of achieving 17% higher grain yields than the target set by MOET App v.2.0. However, the overall normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) of 38.14% exceeded the range for a fairly acceptable fit with the model due to large gaps between target and actual yields obtained from DS field trials.

Rice as one of antioxidant source for farming family in COVID-19 pandemic: a case study from West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

The main food consumption of farming families is an important concern during the pandemic. Farmers in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) survive with the availability of rice to support household health and food security during the pandemic. In addition to its nutritional content, rice also contains phenolic compounds and has antioxidant activity. This study aims are to measure the frequency of rice consumption, food variety, varieties of rice consumed daily during the pandemic in WNT, as well as the antioxidant properties of several rice varieties grown in WNT. This study was conducted from September 2020 to June 2021 in East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima Regencies, WNT Province, Indonesia using a survey approach. The data collection techniques were observation, Focus Group Discussion, recording, interviews with 74 respondents with a semi-structured questionnaire and study literature related to the nutritional content and bioactive compound of the rice. Quantitative data was tabulated to determine the frequency and average then descriptively analyzed, while qualitative data was thematically analysed. The most consumed rice varieties are seen from the production data of seed breeders in the WNT region, the phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu, antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH assay. The result showed that the highest portion of food consumed by farmer households in WNT is rice. The most variety of rice produced by breeders is the Inpari 32 variety. There are about 97% of farmers consume rice for 3 times a day, while 3% of the remaining consume 2 times a day of rice. Food variety includes 7.9% vegetable-rice and 92.1% rice-vegetables-meat protein. The results of the analysis of antioxidant properties and phenolic content in rice is depending on the variety. The antioxidant properties of the Jeliteng, Baroma, Pamelen, Nutrizinc and Inpari 32 rice varieties were 44.85+or-0.51%, 9.87+or-1.55%, 9.96+or-1.22%, 9.75+or-1.09%, and 14.305+or-1.24%, respectively, while the phenolic contents were 9.76+or-0.09, 4.23+or-0.03, 4.48+or-0.02, 4.64+or- 0.07, 4.58+or-0.42 mg GAE/g dryrice extract, respectively. The results of this study indicate that rice has been used as one of antioxidants source for farming families during the pandemic.

Application of Benford's law in agricultural production statistics

The importance of food supply throughout the world has once again shown its significance in the COVID-19 pandemic period. A continuous food supply is possible with correct agricultural programming. An effective agricultural product programming can only be possible by obtaining precise agricultural data. However, it is very difficult to gather accurate agricultural production statistics from all over the world and confirm their accuracy. In this study, the compatibility of the production statistics of six important agricultural products (wheat, rice, potato, onion, banana, apple) which had been collected from local sources, and had published as opensource by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, with Benford's law was examined for the first time. Data for the last two decades are used to ignore the impact of annual fluctuations. The compatibility of theoretically expected and observed data was tested by Chi-square (X2) and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) tests. Although inconsistencies were found in some data by examining the numbers in the first, second, and first two digits, in general, the MAD test results gave a mostly concordant result.

Positive Matrix Factorization as Source Apportionment of Paddy Soil Heavy Metals in Black Shale Areas in Western Zhejiang Province, China

The source apportionment of pollutants is the key to preventing and controlling the pollution caused by heavy metals in soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the main sources of heavy metals in the soils of black shale areas in western Zhejiang, China. Based on geostatistical spatial analysis, this research employed positive matrix factorization (PMF) for the source apportionment of heavy metals in paddy soil. The results showed that contaminated arable soils were concentrated in the western and southern study areas. At least five major sources of heavy metals were screened in this study: natural sources (39.66%), traffic emissions (32.85%), industrial emissions (9.23%), agricultural activities (9.17%), and mining (9.10%). To be specific, Cd was mainly from mining;As originated from agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides;and Hg, as an industrial pollutant, was transported by atmospheric deposition in the study area. The accumulation of Pb, Zn, and Cu was mainly influenced by natural sources and anthropogenic sources, i.e., traffic emissions, while that of Cr and Ni was controlled by natural sources.

COVID-19 pandemic: impact of agricultural labour migration on income levels of farmers in Telangana

The present study was undertaken during 25th March 2019 to 25th March 2021 to examine the impact of agricultural labour migration due to COVID-19 pandemic on the income levels of farmers. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study, multistage sampling technique was used in selection of district, mandals and villages. Tools and techniques like tabular analysis, gross returns and net returns were used. Economic impact on farmers in the study area was studied by selecting three major crops viz., Paddy, Cotton and Maize. During the COVID-19 pandemic, in the kharif and rabi season, in all the three major crops, the labour availability was increased when compared with the period of before the pandemic. This situation was appeared due to reverse migration during pandemic. The average wage rates received by the agricultural labourers for almost all farm operations in case of paddy, maize and cotton crops were decreased due to increase in labour supply due to reverse migration. The available man days also clearly got increased for almost all the operations except harvesting of paddy and cotton crops. In case of paddy and cotton crops, net returns were found to increase. In case of Maize crop, the gross and net returns were decreased due to increase in total operation costs and decrease in price per quintal during rabi season of the pandemic period respectively.

A LEAN MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF RICE SUBSIDY DISTRIBUTION: SOME FINDINGS FROM A STUDY IN SELANGOR

Purpose: The objective of this study is to look at the problems that arise related to the distribution of subsidies provided by the Government and also to examine the extent to which the principles in Lean are applied and Lean approach can be applied in the management of subsidy distribution among farmers. Theoretical Framework: The Malaysian government faces issues and challenges on food insufficiency and the importance of ensuring food security in the country and paddy is a major food commodity in Malaysia and an important factor in terms of security, poverty reduction and social issues. As the number of COVID-19 cases increases in the country, there is a heated debate on the appropriate measures that should be taken by the Government to curb the surge of paddy issue. Methodology: For that purpose, a survey was conducted on 10 senior government officials who manage matters related to fertilizer subsidies in the Ministry, Farmers Organization Board, Area Farmers Organization, Department of Agriculture and Subsidy Product Suppliers and 20 farmers in the area studied. by using Lean Management as the main point in this study. Findings: The collected data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti and Microsoft Excel. The results of this study show that most of the officers interviewed do not really understand the Lean philosophy and many officers consider the 5S to be Lean. Research Implications: An understanding of Lean is critical because the Lean approach is a sustainable way to achieve operational excellence and can be applied in many areas. Originality/Value: This study analyzed the issue arised during the during the distribution of rise subsidies throguh lean management. © 2022 AOS-Estratagia and Inovacao. All rights reserved.

Survey and surveillance on rice false smut disease severity in Tamil Nadu and the influence of wind velocity on disease progression under field conditions

The false smut disease of rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens is a major constraint on rice production. The main aim of the present study was to ascertain the false smut disease severity in both delta and non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu through survey and surveillance and assess the correlation between the disease severity and wind velocity for the past three years, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Moreover, the present study addressed the disease distribution pattern of false smut diseases under field conditions. The results obtained from survey results revealed that the maximum disease severity was recorded in Nagapattinam district (Nagapattinam block) with 27.45% and the minimum disease severity was recorded in the district Theni (Bodinayakanur block) with 8% in 2021. Similarly in 2019 and 2020 maximum disease severity was recorded in the following districts Thanjavur district (Orathanadu block) with 19.91% and Thanjavur district (Peravurani block) with 18.54% and the minimum disease severity was recorded in the following districts Madurai district (Madurai north block) with 4.78% and Madurai district (Usilampatti block) with 4.78% respectively. The obtained R2 values through regression analysis were 0.70, 0.79 and 0.76 in the following years, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Besides the relationship between the false smut disease development, the pattern wind direction was also assessed. By assessing the false smut disease distribution pattern under field conditions, more disease distribution was observed around the surrounding area of the paddy field as well as the diagonal path of the field which clearly revealed that wind direction influences the disease development. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Applied & Natural Science is the property of Applied & Natural Science Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Sustainable Food Supply from the Perspective of Paddy Ecosystem Elasticity: Policies and Implications

Rice is the staple food for 2.5 billion people worldwide and most farmers depend solely on rice for their livelihood. This study estimates how paddy ecosystem elasticity and external human activity affect paddy ecosystem sustainable food supply. In particular, we analyzed how sustainable food supply is affected by three key domains of external factors—ecological factors, including the proportion of paddy Area (Are), per capita cultivated land area (Lan), and annual wastewater discharge per capita (Was);economic factors, including the agricultural economy level (Inv) and urbanization rate (Urb);and social factors, including the education of farmers (Edu) and rural medical level (Med). We use ANEV, or net paddy ecosystem services value per unit area, to assess the sustainable food supply, which not only represents the food supply quantity and quality, but also the sustainability of the food supply. Results from our panel and threshold regressions suggest that Lan and Urb have a threshold effect on paddy ANEV;Are, Was, Inv, and Edu have a linear negative correlation with ANEV;and Med has a positive linear correlation with ANEV. Based on our findings, we lay out a series of recommendations that may guide future formulation of policies on paddy ecosystem protection and sustainable food supply.

Remote Sensing-Based Evaluation of Heat Stress Damage on Paddy Rice Using NDVI and PRI Measured at Leaf and Canopy Scales

Extremely high air temperature at the heading stage of paddy rice causes a yield reduction due to the increasing spikelet sterility. Quantifying the damage to crops caused by high temperatures can lead to more accurate estimates of crop yields. The remote sensing technique evaluates crop conditions indirectly but provides information related to crop physiology, growth, and yield. In this study, we aim to assess the crop damage caused by heat stress in paddy rice examined under elevated air temperatures in a temperature gradient field chamber from 2016 to 2019, using remote-sensed vegetation indices. A leaf-spectrometer, field-spectrometers, and a multi-spectral camera were used to monitor the conditions of paddy rice. Although, in the leaf- and canopy-scales, the values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) decreased after the heading of rice under normal conditions, the decreasing sensitivity of NDVI and PRI was different depending on the degree of physiological heat stress by high temperature conditions. The NDVI after the heading under extremely high air temperature was not dropped and remained the value before heading. The PRI decreased at all air temperature conditions after the heading;the PRI of the plot exposed to the elevated air temperature was higher than that under ambient air temperature. Further, the relative change in NDVI and PRI after the heading exhibited a strong relationship with the ripening ratio of paddy rice, which is the variable related to crop yield. These remote-sensing results aid in evaluating the crop damage caused by heat stress using vegetation indices. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Agronomy is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Radiation estimation and crop growth trajectory reconstruction by novel algorithms improve MOD16 evapotranspiration predictability for global multi-site paddy rice ecosystems

• MOD16 products indicated significant underestimations in all paddy rice ET observations. • R n estimation in overcast conditions and LAI reconstruction were two key causes. • Daily R n estimations under all-sky conditions by a global cloudy index algorithm were improved by 40.6%. • Daily LAI dynamics estimated by the LTDG_PhenoS algorithm were improved by 818.7%. • Daily ET estimations were improved by 68.7%. Reliable estimations in evapotranspiration (ET) of paddy rice ecosystems by satellite products are critical because of their important roles in regional hydrological processes and climate change. However, the NASA MODIS ET products (MOD16A2) and its derivatives do not have good correlations with all global paddy rice ET observations. In this research, MOD16 model sensitivity analyses and parameter optimization strategies were conducted in order to solve the problem. Results suggested that underestimation of daily net radiation (R n) in overcast conditions and less satisfactory reconstruction of field-scale leaf area index (LAI) growth trajectory from the start date of field flooding and transplanting (FFTD) to the end of growing seasons by MODIS coarse vegetation index were identified as two major causes. A Light and Temperature-Driven Growth model and a Phenology-based LAI temporal Smoothing method fusion algorithm (LTDG_PhenoS) and an improved R n estimation method were introducted and evaluated in paddy rice fields in South Korea, Japan, China, Philippines, India, Spain, Italy, and the USA from 2002 to 2019. The LTDG_PhenoS algorithm considers Landsat and MODIS EVI observations and meteorological data as input variables and 30-m LAI daily time series as outcomes. Introducing the global cloudy index algorithm resulted in improved estimations of daily R n under all-sky conditions, with a significant decrease of root mean square error (RMSE) from 1.87 to 1.11 MJ m−2 day−1. The LTDG_PhenoS algorithm well reconstructed crop LAI growth dynamics from the FFTD to the end of rice growing seasons, with a substantial decline of RMSE from 1.49 to 0.27 m2/m−2. The FFTD estimations by the LTDG_PhenoS algorithm had an R2 of 0.97 and a small RMSE of less than 12-days. Daily ET rates estimated by novel algorithms had a substantial decline in RMSE from 2.88 to 0.90 mm day−1. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Hydrology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Dynamic Mapping of Paddy Rice Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data Based on a Deep Semantic Segmentation Model

Timely, accurate, and repeatable crop mapping is vital for food security. Rice is one of the important food crops. Efficient and timely rice mapping would provide critical support for rice yield and production prediction as well as food security. The development of remote sensing (RS) satellite monitoring technology provides an opportunity for agricultural modernization applications and has become an important method to extract rice. This paper evaluated how a semantic segmentation model U-net that used time series Landsat images and Cropland Data Layer (CDL) performed when applied to extractions of paddy rice in Arkansas. Classifiers were trained based on time series images from 2017–2019, then were transferred to corresponding images in 2020 to obtain resultant maps. The extraction outputs were compared to those produced by Random Forest (RF). The results showed that U-net outperformed RF in most scenarios. The best scenario was when the time resolution of the data composite was fourteen day. The band combination including red band, near-infrared band, and Swir-1 band showed notably better performance than the six widely used bands for extracting rice. This study found a relatively high overall accuracy of 0.92 for extracting rice with training samples including five years from 2015 to 2019. Finally, we generated dynamic maps of rice in 2020. Rice could be identified in the heading stage (two months before maturing) with an overall accuracy of 0.86 on July 23. Accuracy gradually increased with the date of the mapping date. On September 17, overall accuracy was 0.92. There was a significant linear relationship (slope = 0.9, r2 = 0.75) between the mapped areas on July 23 and those from the statistical reports. Dynamic mapping is not only essential to assist farms and governments for growth monitoring and production assessment in the growing season, but also to support mitigation and disaster response strategies in the different growth stages of rice.

Transmission of rice prices in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic

The pandemic Covid-19 has impacted global economy, including Indonesia. In response to dealing with the spread of Covid-19 cases, Indonesian government has imposed social restrictions which directly impacts people's economic activities including food sector. Considering rice as the main food product for most Indonesian people, this study aimed to analyze the transmission of rice prices from the producer level to the consumer level during the Covid-19 pandemic. Price transmission describes the impact of changes in the price of an item at one market level on changes in the price of the item at another market level. The data used is daily time series data from March 2020 to March 2021. The data analyzed using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) approach. The VAR estimation results show that producer prices and consumer prices do not affect each other. The absence of price transmission between producers and consumers may indicate that government intervention to maintain rice prices during the Covid-19 pandemic has been effective.

Influence of COVID-19 epidemic on China's grain industry

The COVID-19 epidemic has caused different effects on China's grain production and people's lives. In order to promote the orderly development of grain production and ensure food security, this paper studied the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on China's grain industry. It was found that under the epidemic situation, agricultural employment was difficult, the supply of agricultural materials was tight, traditional technology services to the countryside stagnated, and cross regional farming was blocked. In addition, diseases and insect pests were reappearing, and the international situation was more complex and changeable in this year. The pressure and challenge to stabilize grain production increased. Therefore, this paper suggested that food security should be taken as the top priority. In order to further ensure China's food security, we showed recover spring tillage production and area double cropping rice, ensure the smooth passage of important materials, provide multiform agricultural science and technology services, improve the early warning mechanisms of domestic and international markets, and build a new support system for grain production.

All Ground glass opacities in this season are not COVID: Solving the puzzle

Introduction: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis is an inflammatory syndrome of lung caused by repetitive inhalation of antigenic agent in a susceptible host. But in this covid pandemic use of computed tomography for diagnosis of COVID has lead to misdiagnose many other diseases with similar presentation. Here we present a case who was misdiagnosed as COVID and was treated in covid ICU and was on antifibrotic agent since then despite HP being most common ILD in India History: 17 Years old male presented with c/o acute onset breathlessness, dry cough and fever for 3 days in July'21. Other two similar episodes were there in November'21 and December'21. On thorough history taking, patient gave history of visiting paddy fields 1 day before each episode. There was no h/o prior similar illness no significant family history. Clinical Findings: Vitals showed hypoxia, tachypnoea and tachycardia. In chest examination, tactile and vocal fremitus are increased bilaterally with B/L decresed air entry with fine crepitations. Diagnosis and Management: During first episode, patient was admitted in COVID ICU due to CT severity score 20/25 despite getting RT-PCR negative thrice. Patient was kept on antifibrotic since then. Same happened in 2nd episode with clear serial X rays but during 3rd episode a thorough history, examination and investigations like bronchoscopy lead to the diagnosis of HP. Learning Points: Since use CTSS for covid diagnosis, many cases are getting over diagnosed and mismanaged. With thorough history including exposure history, many of these cases can be diagnosed and treated in right manner that can help patient and family in all ways.

Food inflation in Brazil in the COVID-19 pandemic period, continuity and change

Since 2007, food prices have risen more sharply than the set of consumer prices in Brazil. The objective of the work is to compare food inflation in the first half of 2020 with that of 2007 and 2019, checking if there have been changes in its characteristics and reasons. Information from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE) is used to analyze the Extended National Consumer Price Index (IPCA) at different levels of aggregation. Between 2007 and 2019, prices of food outside the home expanded more than that of food at home. Among the components of this, the prices of the least processed increased more than those of the most processed, indicating that the origin of food inflation was agricultural, with meat having a great contribution to the fact. In turn, in the first half of 2020, non-tradable products, beans, rice and fruits, vegetables and greens, were the ones that put the most pressure on inflation. Throughout the period, conditions of foreign trade, international price and exchange rate, had a strong influence on food inflation. In the first half of 2020, among the causes, increased demand for food in supermarkets gained relevance, apparently not accompanied by the expansion of supply.

Special issue on microbiome. (Special issue on microbiome.)

This special issue includes 13 articles focusing on innate lymphoid cells and gastrointestinal disease;microbiota-gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorder;characteristic dysbiosis in gout and the impact of a uric acid-lowering treatment, febuxostat on the gut microbiota;gut microbiota, inflammation, and molecular signatures of host response to infection;the rice histone methylation regulates hub species of the root microbiota;a powerful adaptive microbiome-based association test for microbial association signals with diverse sparsity levels;an efficient metatranscriptomic approach for capturing RNA virome and its application to SARS-CoV-2;easy to create repeatable and editable Venn diagrams and Venn networks online.

Farmer's field evaluation of direct seeded rice vis-a-vis puddled transplanted rice in Kapurthala, Punjab

The direct seeded rice (DSR) has emerged as an economically viable and sustainable option for timely rice establishment due to labor shortage amid Covid-19 pandemics. The crop production practices differ greatly among puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and DSR. Therefore, we compared the performance of different rice varieties viz. PR-121, PR-126 and Pusa-44 under two contrasting establishment methods (PTR vs. DSR). The study highlights that of the total area under rice, the highest area under DSR was in Sultanpur Lodhi block (about 68.2%), while the lowest area in Dhilwan block (about 41.9%). Results revealed higher benefit-cost ratio of rice establishment under DSR technology, compared with the PTR technology, regardless of the rice variety due to reduced (about 23.9%) cost of cultivation associated with rice establishment under DSR technology. About 68.9 per cent of the respondents perceived PTR as low cost effective, while about 4.7 per cent perceived PTR as highly cost effective. Conversely, about 16.0 per cent of respondents perceived DSR as low cost effective, while a large proportion (about 55.7%) perceived DSR as highly cost effective. About 14.1, 76.4 and 10.4 per cent of PTR farmers, while about 10.4, 69.8 and 14.1 per cent of DSR farmers perceived it as low, medium and highly profitable.

IRRI annual report 2020 - unprecedented

This annual report provides information on the negative effects brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic to global agriculture and food systems and the various strategies applied by the International Rice Research Institute to tackle and overcome these negative effects. The success of various activities in partnership with respective partner agencies, such as a regional training workshop with Vietnam to introduce tools that support planning and decision-making for mitigation projects in rice farming, a webinar on laser land-leveling for Filipino farmers as well as the launching of the Rice Crop Manager Philippines, a blended virtual training for agricultural extension workers on delivering advisories to rice farmers through a weather-rice-nutrient integrated decision support system, and a blended workshop on digital data collection in Myanmar, among others, are discussed. The importance of strengthening collaboration and building more inclusive and robust partnerships with various governments despite the COVID-19 disruption is also pointed out.

Analysis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prices of basic food sold in traditional markets: the case of Jakarta province, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to analyze the development and fluctuation of basic food prices in traditional markets in Jakarta before and during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The study used performance reports from the Indonesian Central Statistical Institute (BPS), National Center for Food Price Information (PHPI), various government agencies, the latest news from reliable online media, and similar studies. The scope of the research focused on the development of basic food prices in traditional markets from January 2019 to May 2021 in Jakarta, Indonesia. The basic food prices discussed in this study were shallots, rice, red chili, and garlic. Results showed that, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the price fluctuations of shallots in the traditional markets of Jakarta was not significant. During the COVID-19 pandemic, rice prices remained stable due to the government's welfare program. The price of red chili in traditional markets tended to decrease due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The COVID-19 pandemic caused fluctuations in garlic prices in traditional markets in Jakarta, and this was because garlic imports from China faced logistical difficulties.

The pattern of changes in prices and marketing margins for foodstuffs during the COVID-19 pandemic

Food products are the main concern for the government and people of Indonesia. Changes in food prices have significant effects on the welfare of the population. Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected community activities and the food agribusiness system. This study analyzes patterns of changes in prices and marketing margins of seven main food products in Indonesian food consumption i.e. rice, shallots, garlic, red chillies, cayenne pepper, cooking oil, and sugar, after the Covid-19 pandemic by presenting descriptive statistics of daily food prices data from the National Strategic Food Price Information Center (PIHPSN). Based on empirical results, except for shallots and cooking oil, most food prices at various market levels have fallen during the Covid-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the risk of food prices at various levels of the market has been increasing. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the magnitude and variability of marketing margins along the marketing chain also have been increasing. These findings imply the urgency of Institutional policies that can increase market transparency and competition appears to be more effective in the long term at reducing the price shocks caused by Covid-19 at various levels of the market than price interventions.